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The importance of yeasts (in Chinese)

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This is a longer version of an article also published in the Financial Times.

栏目:跟简西丝喝一杯

全世界的葡萄酒都一个味儿

作者/简西丝·罗宾逊(Jancis Robinson) 

导语:全世界葡萄酒的产地越来越多,葡萄酒的风味却越来越单一,简西丝·罗宾逊从酿酒师使用的酵母中找到了一些原因。 

引文他们推出一种酵母叫做Brunello di Montalcino 45,第一年效果很棒,第二年就很可怕,完全不同,导致整个地区都是不完全发酵。

人们认为,葡萄酒的优点在于,不同于现今的许多食品和饮料,它是如此天然。根据我们葡萄酒专业的学生所学的,要酿造葡萄酒,你所需要的就只有葡萄。葡萄皮破裂后,空气中自然存在的酵母开始对葡萄果肉中的可发酵糖产生作用,将它们转化为酒精。

这是美好的理论,事实上与现代酿酒技法相去甚远。如今大量销售的葡萄酒,是使用经过特别挑选的商业酵母菌发酵的。挑选酵母菌,要看它们具有什么特殊而又强大的属性。

对于酿酒师来说,最糟糕的事情莫过于发酵不完全,即糖分转化为酒精的过程无法完成的现象。发酵不完全得到的是半甜、低酒精浓度的葡萄汁,极易滋生有害的细菌,完全无法销售。因此,绝大多数酿酒师最看重的酵母属性是它的功效。因此,酿酒师日益倾向于选用能够在酒精浓度高的环境下发挥作用的酵母,尤其是在这个使用非常成熟的葡萄的时代。

作为一个高效率的崇拜者,我可以认同这种观点。但让我担心的是,现代精挑细选的酵母会对葡萄酒的风格、甚至味道产生巨大的影响。譬如,有一位著名的新西兰酿酒师就宣称,采用相同的葡萄,他能够酿造出任何一种风格的白苏维浓(Sauvignon Blanc),只要能够让他选择酵母。莎当妮(Chardonnay)尝起来像白苏维浓,大量难以辨别的新世界葡萄酒,以及对于如今葡萄酒的味道似乎不像以前那么多样的个人感觉,使我产生了以下的想法。

Lallemand是葡萄酒行业最重要的商业酵母供应商之一。看一眼他们的产品目录,或许可以让一名焦虑的酿酒师安下心来,但是,作为一名认为葡萄酒应当传递出产地特征的饮酒者,我深感沮丧。例如,Enoferm Assmannshausen的产品定位为用于生产黑皮诺 (Pinot Noir)和仙粉黛(Zinfandel),一种会让(葡萄酒)颜色显得悦目的酵母,可以增添香料(丁香、肉豆蔻)和水果的芳香Lalvin CY3079用于桶内发酵的莎当妮,会产生醇厚的口感和浓郁的香味Uvaferm SVG用于增强典型的苏维浓特性,降低酸度,具有良好的发酵功能。这可以解释为什么这两三年来我品尝的葡萄酒越来越多,而清淡的莎当妮——商标上写着莎当妮,尝起来却像极了芬芳清脆的白苏维浓——越来越流行。

与许多观察者一样,我隐约知道,世界各地葡萄酒的味道是如何变得越来越相近的,尽管事实上葡萄酒的产地比以前多。我强烈怀疑,种类相对较少的商业酵母的广泛使用,加剧了这一现象。

白葡萄酒无疑更加能够看出所用酵母的影响,尤其是在德国和奥地利(这两个国家生产的葡萄酒主要为白葡萄酒)。主张采用环境酵母和主张采用商业酵母的两派人士之间的冲突,目前大有演变成一场激辩的趋势。德国和奥地利许多最具雄心的酿酒师试图只使用环境酵母来酿造出他们最好的葡萄酒。

一些选择了与众不同的道路、完全不依靠Lallemand之流的酒庄,往往会在商标上吹嘘一番,尤其是在商业酵母大行其道的新世界地区。智利的Errazuriz、南澳大利亚的Yalumba和新西兰的Craggy Range,仅是其品牌名称中包含野生酵母”(Wild Ferment)一词的三家比较著名的酒庄。这个词可能会让人产生联想,造成一种野性难驯的卡门(Carmen)葡萄酒的印象——它随时可能冲出酒厂的大门,但却略带误导性。

那些销售和使用商业酵母的人会第一个指出,他们所销售或使用的酵母也一度是野生酵母。商业酵母的特点是,它们经过细心的选择,以求达到预期的效果——只是这一点也值得怀疑。法国朗格多克地区的酿酒顾问克劳德格罗什(Claude Gros)对商业酵母的易变颇为恼怒。他们推出一种酵母叫做Brunello di Montalcino 45,第一年效果很棒,第二年就很可怕,完全不同,导致整个地区都是不完全发酵。

事情就是这样。记住,你下一杯葡萄酒的味道如何,可能要归结于某种虽未被承认、但其作用不下于葡萄的东西。

 

 

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